The Misunderstood Monster Essays - Beowulf, Monsters, Grendel

The Misunderstood Monster The Misunderstood Monster Grendel by John Gardner is a presentation of the dark, the misunderstood, and the ugly. Throughout the novel readers will come to understand the way grendels mind works, events that set him off and all of the different characteristic that make him the monster he is. In the novel Grendel by John Gardner, Grendel is presented to the audience as a coward, he would only attack at night when the guards of the mead hall were asleep, and he was an insensitive character and a monster. Grendel can be proven as a monster for multiple reasons. First and foremost, Grendel lived with his mother in an open cave at the bottom of a boiling lake. Second, Grendel was born and raised to be wicked; I was Grendel, Ruiner of Meadhalls, Wrecker of Kings! (Grendel, p. 80) he never had the chance to become good. All Grendel knew was how to be barbaric and monstrous, and he lived by what he was taught at a young age. Also, whenever Grendel came in contact with music and sounds of pleasure and joy, he would instantaneously be filled with anger and hatred. Grendel also seeks vengeance on the good rather than the evil mainly due to his familys history. Throughout the novel, the audience will come to notice that there were certain events that traumatically effected Grendel. The first event was the story of Cain and Abel. When Grendel hears the story of Cain and Abel from the Shaper, he is pleased, but also upset because he is skeptical about what he heard. Grendel is aware that the shapers songs are built upon a foundation of lies, but he knows that man cannot be as holy as the Shaper had suggested, because he himself has seen evidence of humankinds brutality. Grendel also feels that he was cursed by it and that he is a punishment from God for Cains actions of killing Abel. Grendel is a savage that can only join the humans by fighting them. The final event that had an effect on Grendel was the death of the Shaper. The shapers stories were Grendels gateway into history. The Shaper gave Grendel a sense of what was true and untrue in history. For Grendel the Shaper had legitimized Hrothgars rule and even his own ancestry. The Shaper cl aimed that Grendel was a descendent of Cain. It was the loss of historical content that saddened Grendel the most; it no longer had a meaning to him after the death of the Shaper. Throughout the novel, society has played a main part in the way Grendel thinks and acts. During the novel, the audience will come to notice that Grendels relationship with the humans is defined by his intellectual interest in their philosophies. It can also be characterized by his emotional concept of community. Grendel lives in a world where he attempts to communicate with the humans but constantly fails. His mother lacks the capacity for language and even if she could speak, she would probably be an unworthy conversational partner for Grendel. Grendel often finds himself talking to the sky wishing for a response he knows he will never get. "Why can't I have someone to talk to?" I said. The stars said nothing, but I pretended to ignore the rudeness. "The Shaper has people to talk to," I said. I wrung my fingers. "Hrothgar has people to talk to."(Grendel, p. 53)Throughout the novel, Grendel remains stranded between what he knows is true and what he wishes was true. Grendel understand s the world as a brute, mechanical place that follows no pattern or universal law. He also knows that all the things the Shaper has sung about are merely human projections on the universes chaos. At times, Grendel finds himself willing to accept the role of the evil monster, just so he can be granted a place in society.

Network and Telecommunicating in HC

Network and Telecommunicating in HC Hospital medical doctors rely on relevant and reliable medical databases for the professional performance of their medical oath. The research centers on physicians’ exchange of medical research information with other physicians in the community. The research centers on both the drawbacks and expected benefits of data distribution systems. The hospital physicians can choose between distributed data processing and centralized data processing.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Network and Telecommunicating in HC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Distributed data processing centers. Under this process, different programs have their own databases. Each of the hospitals will have their own separate databases (Http://Ebookee.Org). The doctors in one hospital cannot access the databases from another hospital in the community. Hospital A will have its own database software. In turn, Hospital B will have its own database software. All the other hospitals have their own database software systems. Each hospital’s software does not share the same files with the other hospitals in the community. In a single processor computer, the central processing unit (CPU) and its input /output operations are separated and overlapped (Ozsu, 2011, p. 2). Other examples of distributed data processing include web-based applications, electronic commerce business over the internet, multimedia applications, as well as medical imaging. There are expected benefits from using the distributed data processing system. One of the expected benefits of the system is the implementation of the divide and conquer rule. One can better solve a complicated problem by dividing the problem into segments. Each person or group is assigned to solve one separate segment of the problem at the same time. Each team will contribute its own segment solutions to the entire group. Under the distributed data processing system, the time needed to solve one problem is reduced to allowable time periods. Second, each hospital’s database cannot be accessed by unauthorized persons in another hospital. Since the other hospitals cannot access the database of the other hospitals, the threat of hackers is reduced. Hackers can use software that will detect, delete, or bypass the passwords of a given database. Third, the physicians or hospitals can beneficially use the distributed data processing system for the preparation of confidential financial, medical, and other relevant reports. The physician or hospital can use the same processing system to process payroll, inventory, administrative chores and functions. The system’s program is allied only to one hospital system. Another hospital has its own data processing system (School Graduates to Distributed Data Prcoessing System, 1983, p. 42). There are some drawbacks from implementing the distributed data processing system. One hospital cannot access the required databa se from the other hospitals. For example, Hospital A cannot access the diabetes research database of hospital B. the same Hospital B cannot access the cancer research database of Hospital C. In the same light, hospital D cannot retrieve the required AIDS/ HIV database of Hospital A. Second, some unauthorized persons may use the hospital’s terminals to access classified medical records.Advertising Looking for report on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the advent of Wi-Fi technology, a hacker can enter the hospital’s website and log on to hospital’s restricted medical database. While inside the hospital’s database software, the hacker can retrieve confidential data, add unauthorized data, edit confidential data, and delete some of the hospital’s confidential and vital hospital patient information. To resolve the hacker threat, the security measures must be in place. The security measures reduce data theft under the distributed data processing system. Proposed transition to centralized data processing model. Under this process, different programs can access the same database source. All the different programs can manipulate data gathered from only one huge central database. The database is shared by all the programs, physicians, and hospitals. Remote computer terminals can access the same database and generate similar reports (Hall, 2012, p. 424). There are expected benefits from implementing the centralized data processing system. First, the use of lesser number of computer systems is involved. The security systems reduce security threats. Under this process, limited security procedures are needed compared to the security measures implemented under the distributed data processing system (McEwen, 1990, p. 15). Second, one hospital can access any required database information from the other seven hospitals in the community. Hospital A c an access the tuberculosis research database of hospital E. Hospital B can access the dentistry research database of hospital F. Hospital G can scrutinize the AIDS research database of hospital H. There are some disadvantages from implementing the centralized data processing system. The centralized data processing system reduces the danger of unauthorized persons leaking information. Stricter data security measures must be in place in the centralized data processing system when compared to the security measures implemented under the distributed data processing system. The stricter security measures include encrypted passwords and security personnel prevent unauthorized persons from entering the computer terminals. Based on the above discussion, medical doctors need relevant and reliable medical databases for their hospital practices. The distributed data processing system has its expected benefits and drawbacks. Similarly, the centralized data processing system has its own unique ex pected benefits and drawbacks. Evidently, the hospital physicians can correctly choose between distributed data processing and centralized data processing for their medical database researches. References Hall, J. (2012). Accounting Information System. New York: Cengage Press.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Network and Telecommunicating in HC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More McEwen, J. (1990). Cops Nad Computers: Microcomputers in Criminal Justice. New York: Diane Press. Ozsu, M. (2011). Principles of Distributed Database Systems. New York: Springer Press. Business Data Communication, Retrieved from https://ebookee.org/ School Graduates to Distributed Data Prcoessing System. (1983). Computerworld , 17Â  (45), 42.

The Things You Can Learn From Death Records

The Things You Can Learn From Death Records Many people looking for information about their ancestors skip right past the death record, making a beeline for their marriage and birth certificates. Sometimes we already know where and when our ancestor died, and figure its not worth the time and money to track down the death certificate. Another scenario has our ancestor disappearing between one census and the next, but after a half-hearted search, we decide its not worth the effort since we already know most of his other vital facts. Those death records, however, can tell us much more about our ancestor than where and when he died. Death records, including death certificates, obituaries and funeral home records, can include a wealth of information on the deceased, including the names of their parents, siblings, children, and spouse; when and where they were born and/or married; the occupation of the deceased; possible military service; and cause of death. All of these clues can be helpful in telling us more about our ancestor, as well as leading us to new sources of information on his life. Date Place of Birth or Marriage Does the death certificate, obituary or other death record give a date and place of birth? A clue to the spouses maiden name? Information found in death records can often provide the clue you need to locate a birth or marriage record. Names of Family Members Death records are often a good source for names of parents, spouse, children and next of kin. The death certificate will usually list at least the next of kin or the informant (often a family member) who provided the information on the death certificate, while an obituary notice may list numerous family members - both living and deceased. Occupation of the Deceased Whether they were a farmer, an accountant or a coal miner, their choice of occupation probably defined at least a part of who they were as a person. You may choose to just record this in your interesting tidbits folder or, possibly, follow up for further research. Certain occupations, such as railroad workers, may have employment, pension or other occupational records available. Possible Military Service Obituaries, tombstones and, occasionally, death certificates are a good place to look if you suspect that your ancestor may have served in the military. They will often list the military branch and unit, and possibly information on rank and the years in which your ancestor served. With these details, you can then look for further information about your ancestor in military records. Cause of Death An important clue for anyone compiling a medical family history, the cause of death can often be found listed on a death certificate. If you cant find it there, then the funeral home (if still in existence) may be able to provide you with further information. As you go back in time, however, youll begin to find interesting causes of death, such as bad blood (which often meant syphilis) and dropsy, meaning edema or swelling. You may also find clues to newsworthy deaths such as occupational accidents, fires or surgical mishaps, that could lead to additional records. Death records also offer information that may lead to further research avenues. A death certificate, for example, may list the burial place and the funeral home - leading to a search in cemetery or funeral home records. An obituary or funeral notice may mention a church where the funeral service is being held, another source for further research. Since about 1967, most death certificates in the United States list the deceaseds Social Security number, which makes it easy to request a copy of the original application (SS-5) for a Social Security card, full of genealogical details.

Managing Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing Project - Essay Example This paper includes the study of two cases using the Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) or network diagram. In case 1, network diagram was shown using the activity node. Calculation of Earliest start time (EST) and Latest start time (LST) was done to be able to show the Slack or total float of the activity. Critical path was used to be able to complete the given task without budget constraint. The study will be able to show the importance of the said technique in managing a project. Cost estimation was presented using principles and other theory. Diagram and other tables were presented in the appendixes. At the later part of this paper the difficulties and risks in project management were discuss to further develop the needed project. The purpose of this study is to be able to show the importance of project managing in a company that needs to be developed and managed well. It also allows us student to be able to demonstrate the learning and competence in respect of management of resources generally but in particular elements of time, finance and human resources. In case 1 The Design and Print limited is a printing SME in the UK supplying design and printing services. The project manager is planning for a new project. To start a network diagram using the activity on the node was structure. We will be able to construct the diagram using the table below: In the network diagram shown in appendix 2, each... 1 L N Packaging for Delivery 2 M O Delivery 5 E,N P Payment collections 10 O Appendix 2 F(5) A(1) B(2) C (2) D(1) H(1) L(3) M (1) N(2) E(10) G (4) I (2) J(2) K(2) P(10) In the network diagram shown in appendix 2, each node (circle) represents an activity and is labeled with the activity number and the associated completion time (shown in brackets after the activity number). The network diagram (appendix 1) assumes that activities not linked by precedence relationships can take place simultaneously. For example activity L is preceded by H,K therefore we can do L after H or K. (see diagram). It means that Printing can be done after sizing or type-setting. In the above diagram the activity start at Enquiries (A) , preceded by Quotation (B) you cannot proceed to B without finishing the first task (A). Finance checks on customer (E) and Order confirmation (C) can be done simultaneously since it is not linked by precedence relationship. After task (C) is completed 3 activities or task can be done at the same time since these three are all preceded by C, Purchasing (F), Scheduling (D) and Design (G). The task continues up to the last task the P. To be able to determine the total float, we must need to calculate for the earliest start time and latest start time. This allows scheduling of the work in such a manner that project duration is minimized. Some activities can be implemented simultaneously, and some activities can be delayed while efforts are concentrated on completing other activities which impose a time

Role of Cooperation in Controlling Anarchy Essay

Role of Cooperation in Controlling Anarchy - Essay Example Inayatullah (1997) provided a theoretical perspective on anarchy and cooperation suggesting that neo-realism tends to rely on a negative interpretation on the theory of spontaneous order. Inyataullah suggests that institutions which emerge spontaneously tend to show some form of design thus design and human reflexivity indicate an overlap of intentions and outcomes. But how would a theory of order or disorder relate to international relations and where in the discourse can we place anarchy and cooperation as necessary concepts to define IR? As Inayatullah suggests, the study of intended actions is an essential part of international relations theory and outcomes of IR focus on ‘values’ underlying theory and practice. Possibly this is where anarchy and cooperation become important within international relations. Weber points out that the institutional choices of different countries tend to focus on economic theories of organization emphasizing on cooperative security conce pts with elements of bindingness. He suggests that the hierarchical security structures in the international system remain unexplained and hierarchy is usually explained amidst anarchy. In a similar study, Malcolm (2002) took a different view on the concept of anarchy and its portrayal in international relations study. Hobbes’ theory of international relations, for instance, has been branded as realist considering that the international system is in complete anarchy where no law could be possibly applied and any acts of violence would remain justified.... In a similar study, Malcolm (2002) took a different view on the concept of anarchy and its portrayal in international relations study. Hobbes' theory on international relations for instance has been branded as realist considering that the international system is in complete anarchy where no law could be possibly applied and any acts of violence would remain justified. However Malcolm seems to go against the traditional interpretation of Hobbes' realistic viewpoints and suggests that Hobbes' theory does make provisions for international law showing why international cooperation is essential within the necessities of an international system. Malcolm's interpretations of Hobbes could be closer to Rationalist theories although he does point out that Hobbes' theory was a natural law theory that in more compatible with realism than rationalism. Fidler (2003) points out to the importance of public health in world politics and international relations and the role of health concepts to define anarchy and cooperation among nations and individuals. He suggests that issues of public health have become increasingly important in recent years due to the growing health problems in many developing countries and the rise of epidemics and HIV/AIDS. There are also heightened tensions between public health and international trade as associated with patents and access to essential medicines for incurable or fatal diseases. There has been recent discussion on placing public health higher on global diplomatic agendas although there are issues and speculations on how the pursuit of public health could be better at a global scale and could be successfully organised and implemented. Public health issues have triggered a level pf global

Edgar Allan Poe’s The Masque of the Red Death Essay Example for Free

Edgar Allan Poe’s The Masque of the Red Death Essay Edgar Allan Poe’s short horror story entitled ‘The Masque of the Red Death: A Fantasy’ was published in Graham’s Magazine in 1838, and talks about a plague that the main character, Prince Prospero, attempts to evade (Laurent 2003). He holds a masquerade ball, each in different color, inside seven rooms in his abbey. On the other hand, Irvin Layton’s horror (or suspense) poem entitled ‘Rhine Boat Trip’ was written in 1977 and talks about murdered rabbis and the ghosts of children in the events in Nazi Germany, especially those that occurred during the Holocaust (Rhine Boat Trip, n. d. ). These two texts are both horrific, but aside from being different in terms of the format and the length, both display contrasting perspectives in their artistic, textual frames. Poe’s short story and Layton’s short poem display a suspense story; yet, as a whole, they display different styles and time frames. While Poe’s style displays something that is currently happening and distinctively described, Layton displays one that had already happened in the past and is directly described. Main Body The Masque of the Red Death by Edgar Allan Poe This short story attempts to describe how a plague called the Red Death enters Prince Prospero’s dominion, a prince who is being described as â€Å"happy and dauntless and sagacious† (Poe par. 2). The plague that has swept over the land is horrifying. As described, Blood was its Avatar and its seal –the redness and the horrors of blood. There were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness, and then profuse bleeding at the pores, with dissolution. The scarlet stains upon the body and especially upon the face of the victim, were the pest ban which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of his fellow-men. And the whole seizure, progress and termination of the disease, were the incidents of half an hour. (Poe par. 1) From this paragraph, Poe specifies how horrifying the plague is. The victim loses most of the blood within the body, which is the cause of sudden dizziness and dissolution. Poe’s use of blood is enough to make the story appalling to the reader. Using pictures that signify awfulness and terror, Poe makes the story one that makes the reader horror-struck. However, the plague is said to have stricken only his dominions and not Prince Prospero and his â€Å"hale and light-hearted friends from among the knights and dames of his court† (Poe par. 2). Poe makes it appear that the plague only strikes those that are not hale and light-hearted or only those that are wicked, depraved, or poor. When his dominions were cut in half and the depraved dominions were already cast out, Prince Prospero is said to summon his friends, and using a masquerade ball inside seven rooms, each in different color, of his castellated abbey, he entertains his friends amid the plague. Poe describes the abbey: This was an extensive and magnificent structure, the creation of the prince’s own eccentric yet august taste. A strong and lofty wall girdled it in. This wall had gates of iron. The courtiers, having entered, brought furnaces and massy hammers and welded the bolts. (Poe par. 2) The exact description of the castellated abbeys indicates that Prince Prospero and the one thousand light-hearted friends are being protected from the killing plague that has stricken over the land. Then Poe begins to describe extensively the seven colored rooms: It was a voluptuous scene, that masquerade†¦ There was a sharp turn at every twenty or thirty yards, and at each turn a novel effect. To the right and left, in the middle of each wall, a tall and narrow Gothic window looked out upon a closed corridor which pursued the windings of the suite. These windows were of stained glass whose color varied in accordance with the prevailing hue of the decorations of the chamber into which it opened. (Poe par. 4) Poe mentions that, having to describe the decorations of the castellated abbey, Prince Prospero is actually eccentric, august, voluptuous, and bizarre. Poe also mentions that â€Å"[t]he tastes of the duke were peculiar. He had a fine eye for colors and effects. He disregarded the decora of mere fashion. His plans were bold and fiery†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (par. 6). A mystifying figure suddenly appears, one that is described as â€Å"a masked figure which had arrested the attention of no single individual before† (par. 9). When Prince confronts the mystifying image, he suddenly falls dead, as specified in these lines: â€Å"There was a sharp cry – and the dagger dropped gleaming upon the sable carpet, upon which, instantly afterwards, fell prostate in death the Prince Prospero† (par. 12). The Red Death has entered the ball, and as the prince falls dead in the carpet, the people surges to the figure to remove the mask, only to find it empty. Each one falls to the ground, as the plague enters each of the one thousand guests in the ball. The Red Death surges upon all of the dominion. The Masque of the Red Death is one horror story in which Poe exemplifies great and immense description in every detail and part of the story. Poe uses symbols, such as colors and lines, in order to describe each detail magnificently and make the reader see distinctively. Rhine Boat Trip by Irvin Layton This 16-lined poem attempts to describe how the castles of the Rhine are haunted by ghosts of Jewish mothers and children in the lines: â€Å"The castles on the Rhine / are all haunted / by ghosts of Jewish mothers / looking for their ghostly children† (Rhine Boat Trip, L1-4). In contrast to Poe’s distinctive description, Layton’s style is simple and easy to read and understand. It does not describe each detail individually but rather, puts the picture and leaves the reader free to describe each picture. It allows the reader to put in detail what the castle looked like at Rhine. Having to put the exact name of the castle in the line is enough to picture the detail distinctively. Unlike Poe’s style, which provides the exact picture by describing immensely the detail in the story, Layton’s style is one that uses words in order to describe immensely what the picture or detail appears to be. However, instead of describing the castle as something that is enormous, fantastic, or incredible as Poe has done, Layton pictures the castle in a horrifying manner: â€Å"[A]nd the clusters of grapes / in the sloping vineyards / are myriads of blinded eyes / staring at the blind sun† (Rhine Boat Trip, L5-8). Layton instantly pictures the castle as horrifying, which is different from Poe’s style, wherein the latter pictures the castle as magnificently decorated before interpreting it as horrifying in the latter portion of the story. Each word that Layton uses carries a specific meaning. This is different from the manner in which Poe writes, wherein he describes in detail only to prove that the place is magnificent and is owned by a splendid duke living in the castle. In lines 5-8 of Layton’s poem, for example, the clusters of grapes of line 5 does not just depict the Jewish families but may depict families or communities that include everyone, including the reader. However, because Layton uses ‘sloping’ when he describes the vineyards, it may conclude to something that is negative, since it goes downhill, which is symbolic. Something negative, such as negative customs or culture that are found in the family or community, might have been included in the clusters of people. The use of grapes also depicts meaning, since grapes are used by the Jewish during the Passover and Holocaust. Having depicted too, that the clusters of grapes are actually â€Å"myriads of blinded eyes† (Rhine L7), it appears that the Jewish families (or German families) are blinded to what is about to happen to them and the surrounding community. They are staring at the blind sun because there is no hope for them in the end, since God is about to punish them, it is like God is nowhere in sight. In lines 9-10, wherein it says that â€Å"the tireless Lorelei / can never comb from their hair† (Layton L9-10), it appears that Lorelei is praying and doing sacrifices to God; and because she can â€Å"never comb from their hair† (Rhine L10), it symbolizes that important people in the community, such as Lorelei, pray and do sacrifices to God, so that the latter may show mercy to them and then remember His covenant with them. Lastly, lines 11-16 depict the rabbis that have been murdered and are wailing: â€Å"[T]he crimson beards / of murdered rabbis / however sweetly they sing / one hears only / the low wail of the cattle cars / moving invisibly across the land† (Rhine L11-16). Crimson is used to signify blood or death. The word ‘one’ is being used to mean both the person that hears only the wailing rabbis, as well as, the One God that appears to have turned His back on the Jewish people despite their prayers and offerings. Cattle cars are wailing in line 15, meaning that these cattle cars that are â€Å"moving invisibly across the land† (Rhine L16) are not with cattle but with people, which signifies a state that is inhumane and atrocious. The cattle cars are invisible because, first, no one had paid attention to them during their crisis; and, second, what the author has been describing is something that had already happened in the past. This poem also depicts strong emotional response because of distinctive images that were used by the writer. Like Poe’s story, this poem uses images, such as castles, grapes, vineyards, sun, rabbis, and cattle cars. However, unlike Poe’s story, Layton’s style is one that is simple yet direct; one that is more symbolic than that of Poe’s. Conclusion Poe’s short story entitled The Masque of the Red Death, as well as, Layton’s short poem entitled Rhine Boat Trip are both horrific, symbolic, and descriptive. However, Poe’s story is distinctively descriptive in detail, with an enormous, fantastic castle. Layton’s poem on the other hand, is simpler and direct, easier to read and understand, more distinctive in word, more symbolic in style, with a horrifying castle. Layton and Poe are alike; yet diverse. Works Cited Laurent, Sabrina. Metaphor and Symbolism in The Masque of the Red Death. July 2003. United Nuke. 14 March 2009 http://www. boheme-magazine. net/php/modules. php? name=Newsfile=articlesid=46. Poe, Edgar Allan. The Masque of the Red Death. 2009. Jalic Incorporated. 14 March 2009 http://www. online-literature. com/poe/36/. Rhine Boat Trip (1977). N. d. Gonzaga University. 14 March 2009 http://barney. gonzaga. edu/~rolson3/Layton. html. Other Sources Roberts, Edgar. Writing About Literature – Brief (11the ed. ). White Plains, NY: Pearson Longman, 2005.

The Future Of The Race :: essays research papers

The title of Gates and West's book evokes nineteenth and early twentieth-century works: Martin Delayn's Past, Present and Future of the Negro Race (1854), William Hannibal Thomas's The American Negro:What He Was, What He Is, and What He May Become (1901)…….. Within all these titles lie two assumptions no longer so openly embraced: that it is possible to speak of African-Americans in the singular—as what used to be called 'the Negro'; and now most often appears as 'the black community';—and that the authors in question possess authority to speak for the whole African American race. Gates and West, two of our leading black intellectuals, cast themselves as the grandchildren of what Du Bois called the Talented Tenth. Perhaps, with the Du Boisian Vandyke beards and the DuBoisian three-piece suits, the grandsons of Du Bois himself. Certainly they are taking upon themselves the Talented Tenth's early twentieth century responsibility to lead the race. Who is the Talented Tenth? This time-bound phrase comes from Du Bois's 1903 essay, 'The Negro Problem,'; quoted in the Appendix of The Future of the Race, and begin: 'The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men.'; These exceptional men, and Du Bois did mean men, would "guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the Worst.'; The Talented Tenth would shoulder the task of uplifting the race without succumbing to money-grubbing selfishness; their formal education signified their intelligence and enlightened character. In 1903, the Talented Tenth was broadminded and big-hearted by definition. The passage of forty-five years diminished Du Bois's assurance. By 1948 he had revised his appraisal, and that revision also appears in the Appendix. He confessed error of his assumption that altruism flowed automatically from higher education. The Best Men had not become the best men. He lamented that the Talented Tenth had mostly produced self-indulgent egotists who turned their training toward personal advancement. Meanwhile, Du Bois had been learning to respect the masses from reading Marx. Nonetheless, he still cherished a hope that a new, self-sacrificing Talented Tenth of internationally minded men—still men—would ally African Americans to the peoples of the Third World and uplift the colored masses universally. Gates and West, who teach at Du Bois's own Harvard University, accept his challenge with all its Victorian mission of uplift. Although they announce their essays as the fruit of long conversations in Cambridge, they do not enter into dialogue.